SHOWING off luxury was common for Batavian citizens during the VOC colonial era. The Batavian elite showed off their wealth not only when going to church, where they would be accompanied by several slaves carrying umbrellas and fans, but also in various events such as wedding ceremonies and funerals. Dutch archivist Frederik de Haan in Oud Batavia-Volume II revealed that funerals gave everyone the opportunity to look attractive in all situations.  

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